LESSON FIVE:
Oil Dependency Among Nations

Introduction
The long term prospects of an oil shortage have caused some nations to reconsider their foreign policy objectives. There is talk that some countries, the United States among them, are considering using military force to protect their oil supplies and secure more oil. While most nations have sped up their research into alternative energy sources, the short term demand has forced large industrialized nations to acquire oil at any cost.

For most of the game we focus on events within the United States, for this lesson we will be looking out beyond our borders. As you present developments in the oil crisis, ask the students to talk realistically about their concerns for the effects in their own lives, as if the oil crisis were really happening.

Lesson Objectives
Students will:

• Continue to immerse themselves in the realistic WWO scenario.
• Locate on a map the major sources of oil for the United States and the world.
• Understand the importance of geography upon oil security
• Understand the differing degrees to which nations consume and depend on oil.
• Consider what actions governments of the world could take to ensure their supply of oil.
• Predict the measures that will have to be taken by the United States and other oil dependent nations in the coming months.

Before the Lesson

• Preview the resource materials (links below).
• Prepare your own "in-game" reaction to the events unfolding in World Without Oil. What do you think about the actions that governments might take to secure their oil supplies? If you can, blog about what nations are doing and share your blog with your students.

Part 1: Set the Stage
Student Page for this lesson is here:
http://worldwithoutoil.org/metalesson5s.htm
This page summarizes ideas and instructions for students.

1. Re-immerse the students: briefly remind them of what's happened previously in a World Without Oil.
2. Then start today's lesson by having the students read the following World Without Oil blog posts:
• Ambush in the Straits of Malacca 
  http://wayback.archive-it.org/690/20070522050053/http://cid-
  yama.livejournal.com/3025.html
  
  • This WWO citizen report links to these resources: http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/
    opinion/?id=17426 and  http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/\papers11\
    paper1033.html
    
• China takes control of the Malacca Straits  http://wayback.archive-it.org/
  690/20070522050048/
  http://cid-yama.livejournal.com/3183.html
  
  • This WWO citizen report links to these resources: http://www.freeman.org/m_online/
    bodansky/beijing.htm and http://community.middlebury.edu/~scs/
    docs/Zubir and Basiron, Malacca, America, and
    China-MIMA Online.pdf
3. Show the satellite image of the Malacca Straits:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Asia_satellite_
   plane_Straits_of_Mal_highlighted.JPG
   
4. Your students are probably much more familiar with security troubles in the Middle East, in places such as Yemen: http://miawithoutoil.livejournal.com/1263.html

Part 2: Take Action

1. Have students get into their groups and discuss their reactions to the citizen reports. Is the oil crisis making the U.S. more insecure?
   
2. Does China have the right to militarily control a waterway in Indonesia? Why or why not? You might want to compare China's view about the Straits of Malacca and the U.S.'s view about the Strait of Hormuz :
   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz
   
3. Now have the groups consider the actions of the United States in the game.  Have students compare the differences and similarities between the actions taken by China and the United States. Should a single powerful nation control a resource simply because it has the military might to defend its actions?
   
   • Reconsidering Iraq  http://monkeywithoutoil.blogspot.com/2007/05/
     reconsidering-iraq.html
     
   • Alberta's oil crisis  http://edmontonwithoutoil.blogspot.com/2007/05/
     albertas-oil-crisis.html

Part 3: Lesson Activity

1. Provide each group with an outline map of the world. Have them find and label the world's top 15 oil-producing nations. EIA 2006 information: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.htm
   • Determine approximately how far the oil has to travel before it reaches the United States. Do oil tankers have to go through any treacherous waters to get to the United States?
   • Are all of these oil-producing countries currently friendly to the U.S.?
     
2. How much oil do the top 15 oil-producing nations actually sell to the U.S.? United States oil imports by nation:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_
   nus_ep00_im0_mbbl_a.htm
   
3. You'll notice on the chart used in (2) that oil exported to the United States by a given country usually varies considerably from year to year (Saudi Arabia is a good example). This is because oil is a fungible product, and producers generally sell their oil to whoever is willing to pay the highest price. What implications does this have during an oil crisis? Will the fast-growing economies of developing countries such as China and India compromise the ability of the United States to bid successfully for oil?
   
4. The U.S. currently uses far more oil than any other nation (see http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/ene_oil_con-
   energy-oil-consumption) and an average American consumes twice as much oil as an average Italian. German or British citizen (see http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/
   ene_oil_con_percap-energy-oil-consumption-per-capita). Will this factor into decisions about who receives oil in the event of a global oil shortage?
   
5. A nation's oil reserves typically have little immediate effect on an oil crisis, because nations are unable to retrieve the oil quickly. But over time oil reserves may be very important for a nation's influence and power. Have students compare their labeled world map with the Who Has The Oil? map at http://www.civicactions.com/sites/home2.civicactions.net/
   files/map01_1024.jpg.  If you consider proximity, does the United States need be worried about the fast-paced industrialization of India and China?
   
6. Have groups outline three foreign policy goals for the United States that revolve around the issue of oil.  Have the groups share their goals.

Part 4: Reflect
The United States, China, Western Europe, and India have significant oil needs, and alternatives to oil will take years or decades to develop. In the meantime, much of the oil supply for the United States has to travel vast distances. In this reflection the students should consider the following questions:

• What steps if any should the United States take to secure its oil supply?
• Should the United Nations and the global community create some type of distribution policy?
• How can oil tankers and pipelines that traverse through potentially dangerous areas be secured?
• How much should this crisis shape American foreign policy in the coming years?

Part 5: Take It Further
Distribute this to your students:

Oil and energy-related situations arise throughout the world on a regular basis.  Many of the major oil producing nations of the world face domestic turmoil that could affect the price and the availability of petroleum.  To take it further today, go and explore oil-related current events.  Visit the Energy Bulletin Web site (http://www.energybulletin.net/) and select a region outside North America.  Look for news articles about countries that supply the United States with oil.  In your blog, summarize and analyze the importance of this information to the United States. What do these current events suggest might happen in an oil crisis?

Additional Resources
Energy Security   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security
Energy Security   http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/security/